高 亦

（女，2019级博士，专业：汉语言文字学，研究方向：汉语语法史，导师：赵长才）

　　摘 要

　　汉译佛经是研究中古汉语语法重要的文献材料，而《维摩诘经》存在几种译者和译出年代比较确定且翻译水平较高的异译本，是研究汉语语法历史发展的较好资料。本文以《维摩诘经》的三个异译本（支谦本、鸠摩罗什本、玄奘本）为对象，分为副词、介词、连词三个专题进行对比研究，总结三译本各自的特征，并从汉语史角度对部分语法现象的发展变化做出总结。

　　本文共分为五章。第一章为绪论，主要阐述选题价值，对已有相关研究成果进行综述，介绍研究方法。

　　第二章探讨《维摩诘经》三译本中范围副词、否定副词、极性程度副词三类副词的使用差异，并对几个有代表性的副词进行个例研究，在此基础上归纳副词使用情况。范围副词的讨论集中在总括副词。从支谦本到玄奘本，随着所用总括副词的不同，总括对象的语义指向有所不同。罗什本、玄奘本常用双重否定表示总括概念。否定副词的使用在三译本有整齐的对应关系，变化与时代发展密切相关，体现在：否定副词的功能从混同到专一，如“不”在支谦本承担三种职能，到罗什本、玄奘本则只用于一般否定。使用表劝禁的否定副词的倾向性不同，如支谦本倾向用“莫”，罗什本、玄奘本倾向用“勿”。极性程度副词部分重点讨论了“最”的性质、用法、在三译本中的区别。个案分析涉及：“各各”、“具足”总括副词的用法及其形成过程；从佛经文献看“毕竟”副词用法产生的时代；“转转”在《佛说维摩诘经》中为“互相”义；早期佛经文献主要使用“必”表“必定”概念，随时代发展更多地使用副词“决定”。

　　第三章分为处所时间类、凭依类、对象类、原因目的类描写《维摩诘经》三译本介词的差异。处所时间类主要涉及介词的替换，功能的转移，固定搭配的形成等。凭依类主要分析了三译本使用或不使用介词“以”时对应梵文本格位的不同。对象类重点描写了部分介词如处置对象类“以”、关涉对象类“於”使用的消长，以及三译本引介比较对象时介词形式的不同，对“为”引介言说对象时对应的梵文格位及玄奘本的固定搭配、增译情况进行了说明。原因目的类在描写的基础上观察到，当梵文本没有表示因果关系的语法成分时，支谦本有一定数量使用介词“以”引介原因成分译为因果关系的情况。此外，从支谦本到玄奘本介词悬空现象不断减少，原因是宾语承前省略和受梵文本语序影响。

　　第四章讨论《维摩诘经》三译本中连词的差异。重点讨论联合关系连词中的并列连词、选择连词以及主从关系连词中的因果连词、假设连词、让步连词。并列连词一节主要分析了三译本中“及”、“与”、“并”的功能差异和历时更替，并讨论了并列连词使用的层级性。选择连词一节重点描写了“或”、“若”的不同用法以及译者的倾向性，对连接NP的不同形式进行描写，对中古至唐佛经文献中选择连词“或”、“若”的用法进行了梳理。因果连词一节简要描写了三译本使用情况的差异。假设连词一节，对表示假设关系采用的语法标记在三译本的差异进行描写。涉及几种不同情况：是否使用假设连词（不用连词或换用其他类连词）；使用哪个假设连词；是否配合使用假设标记“者”（从支谦本到玄奘本有“……者”>“若……者”>“若……”的转变过程）。让步连词一节，对让步连词的用法进行了简要描写，并考察了“使”类连词在中古佛经文献中用于假设句/让步句的倾向性。

　　第五章为结语，主要对三译本语法方面的变化及翻译策略的不同进行总结，侧重整体性与系统性，并指出论文的不足和以后可以继续研究的方向。

　　关键词：《维摩诘经》；同经异译；副词；介词；连词

　　Abstract

　　The Chinese-translated Buddhist scriptures are important documents for the study of the grammar of ancient Chinese, while the Vimalakirti Sutra has several different versions with certain translators and translation dates and high translation level, which are good materials for the study of the historical development of Chinese grammar. This paper compares and combs the three different versions of the Vimalakirti Sutra (Zhiqian, Kumarashi and Xuanzang) into adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions, summarizes their respective characteristics, and summarizes the development of some grammatical phenomena from the perspective of Chinese history.

　　This paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which mainly expounds the value of the topic, summarizes the existing research results and introduces the research methods.

　　The second chapter discusses the differences between the different translations of adverbs in the three versions of the Vimalakirti Sutra. Focus on the selection of scope adverbs, negative adverbs, the highest degree adverbs and several representative adverbs. The object position of the general adverbs tends to move backward. Zhi Qian's version uses the translation part of general adverbs, while Xuanzang's version uses time adverbs or adds collaberative adverbs. Kumarashi and Xuanzang often use double negation to express the general concept. Negative adverbs have a neat correspondence in the three versions. The functions of negative adverbs have changed from confusion to clarity. For example, bu(不) has three functions in Zhiqian's version, while in Kumarashi 's version and Xuanzang's version, there is only general negative function. There are different tendencies to use the negative adverbs of persuasion and prohibition. Zhi Qian's version tends to use mo(莫), while Kumarashi 's version and Xuan Zang's version tend to use wu(勿). The highest degree adverb part discusses the nature, usage and differences of zui(最)in the three versions .Gege(各各) and juzu(具足) have the usage of the general adverb. The discussion of bijing(毕竟) is mainly to introduce Buddhist scriptures to prove the age of adverb usage. Zhuanzhuan(转转) means "mutual" in the Buddhist Sutra of Vimalakirti. In the early Medieval Buddhist scriptures, bi(必) was mainly used to express the concept of certainty, and with the development of the times, the adverb jueding(决定) was used more often.

　　The study of prepositions in the three versions of the Vimalakirti Sutra is divided into four categories: location and time, reference, object, cause and purpose. The location-time category mainly involves the replacement of prepositions, the transfer of functions, the formation of fixed collocations. The category of reference mainly analyzes the difference of the corresponding Sanskrit text in the three versions with or without yi（以）. Object class describes the growth and decline of some prepositions, such as yi（以）and yu（於）. When the Sanskrit text does not have the grammatical elements to express causation, a certain number of sentences in Zhi Qian's version are translated into causation, and the preposition yi（以）is used. The phenomenon of preposition suspension has been decreasing, and the main reason for the preposition suspension is the omission of the object and the imitation of the word order of the Sanskrit text.

　　The fourth chapter focuses on the conjunctions in the three versions of Vimalakirti. The focus is on the coordinate conjunctions, choice conjunctions, causal conjunctions, hypothetical conjunctions and concession conjunctions. The section of coordinate conjunctions mainly analyzes the differences of the functions of ji（及）, yu（与）and bing(并) in the three versions, and analyzes the hierarchy of the use of coordinate conjunctions. The choice conjunctions focuses on the different uses of huo(或) and ruo(若) as well as the tendency of translation. Describe the different forms of the conjunctions connecting NP in the three versions. To sort out the usage of the conjunctions huo(或) and ruo(若) in the Buddhist scriptures of the Middle Tang Dynasty. The causal conjunction part briefly describes the differences in the use of the three versions. In the part of hypothetical conjunctions, the grammatical markers used to express the hypothetical relationship are the most complex in the Zhiqian version. There are several different situations in the translation of hypothetical conjunctions in the three versions. From Zhiqian's version to Xuanzang's version, there was a process of ......zhe（……者）>ruo.....zhe（若……者）>ruo......（若……）. In the part of concessional conjunctions, briefly describe and investigate the tendency of the conjunctions of X-shi(X使) to be used in hypothetical sentences/concessional sentences in the Middle Ancient Buddhist scriptures .

　　The fifth chapter is the conclusion, which mainly summarizes the translation strategies and grammatical changes of the three versions, focusing on the integrity and systematicness, and points out the shortcomings of the paper and the direction for further research.

　　key words: Vimalakirti Sutra；different Chinese versions of sutra；adverbs；prepositions；conjunctions