印 雪

（女，2020级博士，专业：汉语言文字学，研究方向：汉语方言学，导师：沈明）

　　摘 要

　　湖南洪江市托口方言属于西南官话怀靖片芷洪小片。处于西南官话、湘语的交界地带，同时又有江西移民的影响，语音面貌复杂。本文在田野调查的基础上，详细描写托口方言的声韵调系统、声韵调配合规律、古今音对照表，分析总结语音的演变规律、连调和轻声，归纳文白异读，记录同音字汇、5000余条词汇、50余条语法例句和若干长篇语料。对部分特殊的语音现象进行专题讨论。

　　本文分7章：

　　第一章绪论。概述托口镇地理位置、历史沿革、方言情况。综述湘西南地区方言研究成果与现状，阐述本文的研究意义、内容、方法。

　　第二章语音系统。描写托口方言声韵调系统、声韵调配合规律，总结轻声、连调、文白异读情况。托口方言共有个22声母，37个韵母，6个声调。托口方言轻声调值短且轻，音高不受两字组前字声调影响，一般由后字单字调决定。非叠字两字组轻声与语法结构有关。在偏正和联合结构中，两字组的末字变轻声，在述宾和主谓结构中不发生变调。

　　第三章托口方言音系与《广韵》古今音对照。

　　第四章同音字汇。记录托口方言3000多个单字音。

　　第五章托口方言声母。描写托口方言声母的声类分合关系。重点讨论古全浊声母、知庄章组的演变。古全浊声母今逢塞音、塞擦音，舒声字今不送气，入声字今送气是方言自身演变，是湘语底层；入声字今不送气是后起的层次，是早期西南官话影响。托口古知庄章组早期应该属于知二庄（除止开三庄）、知三章组两分的方言。知二庄组读[ts]组，知三章组读组。目前的演变趋势是由二分型向知庄章组全混型过渡，最终可能将混读为[ts]组。演变速度，声组以章组最慢，韵摄以止摄（蟹摄开口三等、深臻曾梗摄入声韵）最慢。庄组三等字在流摄今读为组应该与语音构造有关。

　　第六章托口方言韵母。描写托口方言韵母的演变特点，包括韵类分合关系、等的分别、古开合口和今四呼的关系。重点讨论效流摄合流的原因和路径、梗摄的演变与层次。效流摄合流应该属于方言自身的演变。效流摄合流路径：流摄一等主要元音偏前，滋生[i]介音后变成了，与效摄三四等合流。效流合流之后，效摄一二三四等合流，一、三四等合流到二等，今读[au iau]。梗摄开口二、三等舒声韵母今读是托口及周边方言共有的最早的层次，今读是最晚近的层次。梗摄开口二等今读[ian]的是外来的层次。本文推测托口梗摄开口二等舒声韵曾存在一个文读层。今读[ian]的演变路径是：曾臻摄合流→梗摄文读与曾臻摄合流→深臻曾梗合流 [ian]。

　　第七章托口方言声调。描写托口方言声调的演变特点。重点讨论古全浊上、古浊去的演变，讨论入声调的演变与层次。古全浊上、浊去今读阳去是方言自身的演变，是固有层次；今读阴去是后起的，是早期西南官话的影响。古次浊去早期可能同古全浊去归阳去，后从阳去中分化出来，归阴去，目前演变不彻底。浊去字今都有读阴去的趋势，今读阳去调的字可能会减少，但阳去调应该不会消失，阴阳去不合并。入声调早期根据声母清浊分阴阳入，古清入和古次浊入归阴入，古全浊入归阳入。今入声调是古清入调。今入声调按调值舒化后与上声调有合流趋势。部分古清入字今归阴去是湘语底层，部分古清入字归阴平可能是赣语的影响，部分古全浊入声字今归入声可能是早期西南官话的影响。

　　关键词：湖南洪江市托口方言；西南官话；语音特点；演变与层次

　　Abstract

　　Tuokou dialect belongs to Huaijing cluster of Southwest Mandarin. It is located in the border area of Southwest Mandarin and Hunan dialect, but also under the influence of Jiangxi immigrants, so the phonetic appearance is more complex. On the basis of investigation, this paper describes the phonlogical system, the law of phonetic coordination, the comparison table of ancient and modern sounds, analyzes and summarizes the law of phonetic evolution, tone sandhi and neutral tone, summarizes the literary and colloquial readings, records the homophony syllabary, more than 5000 words, more than 50 sentences and some long corpus. Some special phonological phenomena are discussed.

　　This paper is divided into seven chapters.

　　Chapter One is introduction. This part summarizes the geographical location, historical evolution and dialect of Tuokou Town. It summarizes the achievements and current situation of dialect research in southwest Hunan, and expounds the purpose, significance and methods of this study.

　　Chapter two is phonlogical system. This part describes the phonlogical system , the rules of voicing coordination, and summarizes the situation of soft tone, the literary and colloquial readings. Tuokou dialect has 22 initials, 37 vowels and 6 tones. The neutral tone of Tuokou dialect is short and light, which has three categories including high, medium and low. The pitch of the neutral tone is not affected by the tone of the first word in the two-word group, and is generally determined by the tone of the second word. The neutral tone is related to grammatical structure.

　　Chapter three is the comparison between ancient and modern phonlogical system of Tuokou dialect.

　　Chapter four is homophony syllabary.

　　Chapter five initials. This part describes the relationship between initials, which foucuses on the evolution of the MC voiced initials and the initial group of Zhi（知）Zhuang（庄）zhang（章）.

　　It is the evolution of dialect that the shu-sheng words with the MC voiced initials voiced initials become unaspirated and the erntering -tone words become aspirated.The erntering -tone words becoming unaspirated is later and influenced by Southwest Mandarin. The feature that the MC voiced initials de-voicing with aspration is same as Xiang dialect and it may from Xiang dialect,

　　Which the Zhuang group and level 2 characters of zhi group is different from the zhang group and level 3 characters. The initial group of Zhi（知）Zhuang（庄）zhang（章）of Tuokou dialect is one in early time. The Zhuang（庄）group and level 2 characters of zhi group reads[ts]group.The zhang group and level 3 characters reads [t?] group. Now the evolution is that the initial group of Zhi（知）Zhuang（庄）zhang（章） are combined into one group and reads [ts] group. Judging by the rate of evolution ,the group of zhang（章）and zhi （止）she are the lowest. Level 3 of Zhuang（庄） group in liu（流） she reads [t?]which is related to the finals of liu（流） she.

　　Chapter six finals. This part describes the evolution of finals, including the relationship of finals、division and the relationship between MC open-mouth ,closed-mouth, four voices.Discussing the reasons and path of combinaton of Xiao（效）she and liu（流）she, the strata and evolution of Geng （梗）she. The combination of Xiao （效）and Xiao（流） she is evolution.The path:the primary vowel  of first division of liu（流）is forword which formed [i-]medial and becomes  ,and then merged into third and fourth division of Xiao（效）she.After it,four division are combined.The first division ,third division and fourth division are merged to the second division,which reads [au iau].The open-mouth of second and third finals which reads [a? ia?] in Geng （梗） is the early strata of Tuokou dialect and the dialect of nearby towns. Which reads [?n in] is the later strata. Which reads [ian] is the external strata. This part speculates that there is a strata .

　　Chapter seven tones. This part describes the evolution of tone,which focous on the evolution of MC shangsheng with voiced initials ,MC qusheng with voiced initials and entering tone. The MC qusheng reads yangqu which is evolution and reads yinqu which is influenced by Southwest Mandarin.The yangqu will not disappear. The yinqu and yangqu will not merge into one tone.

　　The early tone of Tuokou dialect is divided into yin and yang categories conditioned by the different initial consonants. The entering tone with voiceless and semi-muddy initials has merged into yin entering tone while one with voiced initials have merged into yang entering tone. The existing tone is the early yin entering tone.Due to the similar tone value, the entering tone has a tendency to confluence with the shang tone. Some of the entering tone with voiceless have merged into yinqu tone may influenced by xiang dialect, others merged into yinqu tone may connected with gan dialect. Some entering tone with voiced has merged into entering tone may have been influenced by Southwest Mandarin.

　　Keywords　The dialect of Tokou town in Hongjiang county,Hunan province，Huaijing cluster of Southwest Mandarin，featuers,strata and evolution